The popularity of nuclear power - only in Germany, it is a bridge technology
By Günter Keil
with additions by Jürgen Wahl
(Our author Dr. Günter Keil worked until his retirement in 2002 in a management function the Federal Ministry of Research)
I Introduction The so-called nuclear renaissance is already under way for several years. Today 42 nations have plans for the construction of nuclear power plants (NPP) - 19 of them first! - And another 7 have expressed their interest in it. Since nuclear power plant can consist of one or more reactor units, it is useful only the blocks to count. Since the unit capacity for new plants often 1000-1500 MW (megawatts) achieved new nuclear units mean more often than before new, large nuclear power plant with only one block. Currently, 47 nuclear units under construction, additional 186 reactors are currently in the planning, about 120 of them in the next 3-4 years.
the global nuclear renaissance takes place in three ways: @ The mainly government-led and financed the continuation of the nuclear plant construction in countries with existing industries, such as France, Finland, South Korea, China, India and Russia;
@ Renewed support for nuclear technology in countries with existing industry, but saw no new developments in recent decades, in particular the United Kingdom and the United States;
@ Four countries had decided to end the nuclear power: Belgium, Germany, Italy and Sweden. Italy and Sweden have changed their minds. In Belgium, there was now a life extension for two nuclear power plants. But in Eastern Europe and Asia, the construction of new nuclear capacity has been stopped at any time, on the contrary. Introduction II
The International Generation IV Forum (GIF) ► In 2001, 13 nations signed the founding document (the Charter): Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, Republic of Korea, Republic of South Africa, United Kingdom, United States. Subsequently, other nations joined the GIF: Switzerland 2002; EURATOM 2003; China and Russia 2006. ►
Although Germany is a member of the European Atomic Energy Community, EURATOM, it participates in practice not to GIF reactor developments.
The objective of the GIF: the identification and selection of six nuclear energy systems to their further development. The six selected systems offer a variety of
reactor, energy conversion and fuel cycle technologies. Her designs have thermal and fast neutron spectra, closed and open fuel cycles and a greater range of reactor sizes - from very small to very large. Depending on their individual technical maturity, it is expected that the systems of the Fourth generation between 2015 and 2030 and will then apply.
► Appointed by the GIF Systems are: first
Gas-cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) with fast neutron spectrum,
a cooled with helium reactor and closed fuel cycle;
second High temperature reactor (VHTR)
graphite moderated, helium-cooled reactor with uranium-
disposable fuel cycle, temperature 900-1000 ° C; see details
China (including hydrogen production) and South Africa.
third Supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR)
water-cooled high-temperature and high pressure reactor which operates above the thermodynamic critical point
of water -
4th Sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR): fast neutron spectrum,
cooled with liquid sodium, closed fuel cycle for the
efficient management of actinides (transuranic elements) and for the conversion
of natural uranium into fissile material, temperature 550 degrees C; details see
Russia
5 . Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) with fast neutron spectrum and
a cooling with a liquid eutectic lead-bismuth mixture for
efficient conversion of natural uranium and the actinides management;
temperature 480-800 degrees C;
6th Molten Salt Reactor (MSR), which produces fission power in a circulating molten fluoride salt
-fuel mixture with an epithermal neutron spectrum
and a fuel cycle with full actinide recycling
, temperature: 700 - 800 degrees C.
.
Guest GIF ". These systems offer significant progress in
sustainability, safety and reliability, efficiency, protection against proliferation and physical protection"
balance of the world's nuclear activities
Egypt
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak on 29/10 .2007 to build several nuclear power plants for exclusively peaceful Use announced. "With this strategic decision we take on new responsibilities and draw conclusions from the energy situation in Egypt," said Mubarak. In August 2010, told the state MENA news agency that President Mubarak had given consent for the construction of the first nuclear power plant on the Mediterranean coast in Dabaa. Egypt will tender the construction contract in 2010. By 2025, the country intends to build four nuclear power plants.
Algeria
policy:
Algeria and the U.S. signed in June 2007, a nuclear agreement that allows the collaboration of laboratories and researchers in plants in the United States. On the occasion of the visit of French President Sarkozy in Algiers in late 2007 has been speculated in the local press about the construction of up to a dozen reactors. By that time there were two experimental projects. Also of interest from the Russian side would. In June 2008, then France and Algeria signed a civilian nuclear deal.
In November 2008, Argentina and Algeria signed an agreement on cooperation in nuclear energy. The Algerian Energy Minister Chakib
Kheli, and in February 2009 that Algeria will establish by 2020 a NPP. In addition, provides for Algeria, "every 5 years" to build a new reactor.
projects:
The President of Algeria's Atomic Energy Authority Dr. M. Comena Derdour was the beginning of February 2010 in South Africa to the Joined by his country in the PMBR project (high-temperature pebble bed reactor) to explore. In a press release announced that Algeria investigate the use of small pebble-bed reactors to reduce its dependence on energy supply and its villages in the country with electricity and water can.
Derdour: "We plan to build 1,000 MW of nuclear capacity by 2022 and 2,400 MW by 2027. Since this energy is to be used both for generating electricity and for the sea water desalination, seems the technology of the pebble bed reactor is an extremely attractive option to be. "
Argentina
in Argentina has been in 11/25/2009 a new nuclear energy power law. It allows the construction of a fourth Nuclear power plant of 1,200 MW capacity and lifetime extension by 30 years of the 1983 operational NPPs Embalse (PHWR, 600 MW) as "projects of national interest."
In addition, the National Atomic Energy Commission, Commission Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA) was tasked the construction of the prototype reactor Carem to be addressed. It is a pressurized water reactor Argentine design, expandable to 300 MW of power and its prototype in the NO-Formosa Province is to be built. Formosa Insfran governor announced that his province is the "nordargentinische capital for nuclear development" would.
in 2005 emphasized the former president Nestor Kirchner in his
energy program the necessary completion of the plant Atucha II - as the further expansion of nuclear energy.
projects:
construction of the reactor prototype Carem (so)
Work on the heavy-water reactor plant Atucha II (745 MW) on the Rio Parana, near the town of Zarate had been stopped in 1990, the reactor was 80% complete, the final completion. that began in 2006, was specially founded Nucleoeléctrica Argentina SA (NA-SA) transferred. Siemens had the 1980 Letter of Intent (MoU) to safeguard the design and construction of the plant Atucha II. It is - as with Atucha I - to pressure vessel heavy water reactors of PHWR type, developed by Siemens in accordance with its own light-water reactor technology. As fuel is natural uranium (UO2) is used, so the core can be heavy water (D2O) moderated and cooled. As a technical reference system used
NPP Grafenrheinfeld, so the basic layout of the security technology Atucha II meets German convoy systems. Now is
Siemens Argentina with the installation of the steam turbine generator and the Generator again involved.
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev Armenia
agreed in August 2010 with his Armenian counterpart, a comprehensive mutual cooperation in the military and economic fields. Among them is the construction of a new NPP, for which received the Russian nuclear company Rosatom the contract. Volume 5 billion dollars.
Australia
policy:
Australia has very substantial coal and uranium deposits (23% of world uranium reserves), that will benefit the export sector.
Australia has been no NPP There was already a proposal for a nuclear power plant. In Jervis Bay Territory on the south coast of New South Wales. Several environmental studies and site work was carried out, opening two rounds of bidding and evaluated. The government, however, decided not to pursue the project further.
In June 2006, Dr Switkowski as chairman of the Commonwealth government investigation team to determine the usefulness of a national nuclear power industry appointed. The Task Force noted that Australia should include nuclear power in its energy mix. Other scientists subsequently disputed that finding. Switkowski was appointed in March 2007 by Science Minister Julie Bishop, Chairman of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO). The end of 2010 is his calling from.
late 2006 and early 2007, Prime Minister John Howard made statements far ignored in favor of nuclear power - with the main argument of climate protection. The government led by him was in November 2007 with a pro-nuclear program in the general election - but it won the anti-nuclear Labour Party. The new government under Kevin Rudd described nuclear power as required. Previously, Queensland and Tasmania were in response to Howard's position bans on nuclear power plant construction adopt in their territory.
projects:
Australia's first nuclear reactor - not a nuclear power plant - was the heavy water-moderated High Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR), which in 1960 its full capacity of 10 MW thermal. He was at the site of ANSTO's research facility at Lucas Heights and was built of materials research and isotope production. HIFAR was arrested on 01.30.2007 out of service.
assessment:
In view of the immense resources and a strong coal industry, it is not surprising that Australia's electricity generated by coal power plants. This does not apply to the supplying of the oil and gas nations (Russia, Gulf countries) unanimously called motif for nuclear power to generate electricity: These have become valuable sources of energy would no longer be in power plants Export burn, but. Current is then coal or - produced with nuclear power - increasingly. For Australia, so far no matter what one chooses in view of its still for centuries, reaching coal reserves.
In October 2007, King Hamad announced a plan to introduce the technology of nuclear energy. In March 2008, Bahrain and the U.S. signed a cooperation agreement on nuclear energy. In December 2008, Bahrain and France led talks on a nuclear program.
The head of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission in Bangladesh was in September 2007 that will be built by 2015, a new nuclear power plant at the site Rooppur should. Russia and Bangladesh was signed in July 2009 an agreement on cooperation in nuclear energy.
Belgium
In Belgium, Total (national) Minister of Energy on 1.10, 2009, announced the
enactment of a Royal Decree by which a 10-year-old
approved life extension for the 3 oldest nuclear power plant Doel 1, Doel 2 and Tihange 1, so 2025.
Brazil
policy:
The state power utilities had Eletronuclear on 08/18/2008 Brazilian President Lula da Silva presented an extensive 2030 national energy plan that the construction of 4 new nuclear power units with 4,000 MW and the completion of Angra 3 (see below) provides. With the nuclear power Lula wants to forestall an energy crisis in neighboring Argentina, where it currently occurs almost daily power outages.
, which was suspended for the year 2004/2005 to implement his plans. It was not included.
to Angra 3 (above): The two 1,000 MW units to be built in the northeast and southeast benefits would the construction of two additional 1,000 MW units considered. The site selection for the NO-NPP to begin in 2008, for the SO-NPP 2010th The site should accommodate provide up to 6 blocks. Scheduled start of construction of the first block is 2019; every 2 years on another block.
National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) has granted approval on 25.5.2010 for completion of work begun by the Siemens subsidiary KWU Angra 3 nuclear power plant unit in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The construction works were in their mid-80s had been interrupted for lack of funds. At the same location, the NPP Angra 1 and 2 in operation.
Bulgaria
The Bulgarian government is having problems funding their plans to ensure new nuclear power plant. For the Belene NPP project, the foundation began work on the 09/03/2008 in presence of Prime Minister Sergei Stanischeff were RWE had been named as preferred partner by the investor. This explained the Bulgarian Economy and Energy Minister Peter Dimitrov at 2.10.-2008. In October 2009, RWE but moved back because of unresolved financial issues from the project. The Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borissov confirmed in June 2010 that put Bulgaria for lack of funds the construction of Belene on ice. Bulgaria would be second Build first nuclear power plant, "if the fixed costs and the investor."
a new plan as the energy minister Traicho Trjakow, in August 2010: If Belene is not feasible, will Bulgaria 7, "with security ' Block in Kozloduy force. For both project types, there is still no decision.
Projects:
to Belene (above): According to Minister Dimitrov, RWE had been completed with the developer of the NPP, the state energy company NEK, a joint venture agreement with NEC (49% participation). The Belgian Electrabel planned participation; may as partners of RWE.
was already decided in the Belene nuclear power plant construction of two of Russia's construction type AES-92, so pressurized water reactors of the III. Generation. Atomstroyexport (RUS) wanted to perform together with Areva / Siemens.
Interestingly, an assurance that could be given for RWE's planned participation in Belene a: Share of electricity production in proportion to their equity share.
According to Sun Qin, deputy head of China's national energy authority with a statement of April 2009 are 24 new reactors, 25,400 MW under construction or in advanced planning stage (currently, the 8,500 MW nuclear power plant performance). The plan is a nuclear power plant's total capacity to 40,000 MW 2020th A total of 60,000 MW are planned. After
is published in January 2006 of the Government Science and Technology Development Plan for the next 15 years, the gas-cooled high temperature reactor HTR among the 16 national projects with the highest priority. China has purchased from Germany to licenses.
China also is working on developing a fast breeder reactor:
projects:
On 01/08/2010, the "first concrete" for the NPP Ningde 3 in southeast China has been poured. Construction of the 4th Block was located in July of Ningde 1 and 2, introduced in February and November 2008 in the building. The amounts correspond to the Chinese type CPR-1000 with a capacity of 1,080 MW. Operating recordings between 2012 and 2015.
In Taishan, the French Areva is building two EPR reactors (3rd generation) to 1650 MW, which will start operation in 2013 and 2015. On 07/17/2009
began in the province of Zhejiang on the east coast of the construction of the 2nd NPP Fangjiashan second block Construction work for the first block, which will also provide 1,000 MW running since late 2008.
The Russian company Atomstroyexport is building the Tianwan NPP from two more nuclear units, as agreed in a contract dated 03.23.2010. It will be created
The China National Nuclear Corp.. (CNNC) announced in 2009 to begin construction of three new nuclear power plant with up to 6 blocks. Contractor is a consortium consisting of Westinghouse Electric Company and The Shaw Group, which in July 2007 with the Chinese State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (SNTPC) a contract for the construction of four reactors of the type initially signed for two AP1000 nuclear power plants.
Construction of 2 blocks, each with a 1,250 MW reactor was in March 2009 at the Sanmen site in the province Tscheizjan. Recording operation in 2013 and 2014. A total of 6 blocks will later be constructed at the Sanmen site.
was in September 2009 start of construction of the second nuclear power plant in the province of Shandong HAYANGE, southeast of Beijing on the Yellow Sea. As Sanmen is HAYANGE two advanced reactors of the type of AP1000 Westinghouse Electric received. The location of the 3rd NPP was determined still not in 2009. At the site
Qinshan, about 100 km southwest of Shanghai in Zhejiang province, where already 5 NPP units are in operation, is a 6th Block - Qinshan II-3 - planned since 2006 and another under construction. Qinshan II-3 is a pressurized water reactor of the Chinese type CNP-600 with 610 MW. The reactor vessel was supplied by the South Korean engineering and construction company Doosan Heavy Industries Co.. In April 2010
have begun at the site, construction of Chang Jiang, the first nuclear power plant on the island of Hainan. The first time being planned by the Chinese type 2 blocks CNP-600 (650 MW) is scheduled to start in 2014. In a second phase is the construction of a 3rd and 4 Block provided.
China has acquired, as well as South Africa from Germany, the licenses for HTR pebble bed reactor, which was blocked by the SPD North Rhine-Westphalia state government and ultimately prevented. China had numerous meetings with German experts. A pebble bed test reactor HTR-10 (10 MW thermal) in Changping on the grounds of the Institute of Nuclear and New Technology (INET) of Tsinghua University was built. It was followed by the HTR-10GT project, in which a helium turbine was coupled to an HTR-10 reactor.
After the completion of the HTR-10 started construction work on a gas-cooled demonstration reactor High Temperature Pebble Bed Module
(HTR-PM). Studies on the reactor core and its performance since 2001 were carried out by INET and the East China Power Design Institute (ECPDI). This was followed in May 2004 INET a 2-year standard design project. Already in August 2004 was made on the basis of previous experience, the preliminary decision on the draft of a reactor with 450 MW thermal power. The draft standard was present in May 2006. In a
3-step strategy was planned:
# A demonstration power plant with steam turbine cycle.
# Further improvements to build a series of 600 MW or 1000 MW units
, the steam turbines with 3 or 5 modules coupled reactor.
# Further improvements to the power converter unit to supercritical
use steam turbines and gas turbines and helium
to achieve hydrogen production. Since these are at 900oC HTR operated
could direct thermal water into oxygen and hydrogen are separated
is published in January 2006 of the Government Science and Technology Development Plan for the next 15 years, the gas-cooled HTR among the 16 national projects with the highest priority.
The construction of the demonstration power plant began in 2009 and is to be completed between 2012 and 2013. Location should be near the coastal city of Rongcheng in Shandong province. If successful, the HTR-PM demonstration plant wants to increase capacity to 4,000 MW (thermal). A production line for the fuel with 280,000 units annually is built parallel to the reactor.
Germany
The situation: The German nuclear power industry - if still available - and the big energy companies (RU) onto the renaissance of nuclear power abroad, either by purchasing supplies and the electricity supply companies through direct investments in particular nuclear power plant buildings.
This policy is the result of the experience of the utility with the
federal governments. The German nuclear power plant operators seem to have given up hope even on the medium-term preservation of the German nuclear power capacity - from New buildings and abroad to speak.
policy:
early September, the federal government a little life extension for the German nuclear power plants, which were divided into two groups:
• 7 1975-1980 built blocks receive an 8-year life extension, resulting in total running time of 40 - out 43 years . Thus, the first 3 blocks to 2018 from the network, a block 2019 and 3 blocks 2020th • 10
1982-1989 built blocks receive a 14-year term extension, which is 45 - ie 49 years total time. •
comparison, the U.S. extended the maturity of their nuclear power plants to 60 years.
concrete examples. Planned and failed RWE's participation in the Bulgarian NPP Belene power allocation agreement (see Bulgaria) and RWE's participation in the Romanian NPP Cernavoda 3 and 4 (see Romania) Whether there are similar agreements with RWE and E. ON. - NPP activities in England is or should be, is not known, but very likely (see England).
Some examples of remaining German Activities:
E. ON and the French Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique at aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) have signed a framework agreement on cooperation in the Kernergieforschung and made development. The projects relate to both the current world's operating nuclear power plant of the Second Generation and on current construction projects of installations of the III. Generation future reactors and fuel cycle options for the Fourth Generation, that their use is expected from mid-century.
RWE was the preferred partner in the selection of the investor for the - deferred - Bulgarian NPP Belene been named, the two AES-92 reactor units of the III. Generation of Areva and Siemens, together with the Russian Atomstroyexport should be built (see Bulgaria).
The Swedish E. ON Sverige is hoping for an order for a replacement of the block Oskarshamn 1 (see Sweden).
RWE and E. ON hold the world at the time shares in 23 blocks of NPP.
Siemens has used the beginning of 2009, an exit option in his previous minority stake in Areva. The company wants to end the hapless cooperation with Areva regain the attractive nuclear power business. In early March 2009 agreed to implement the Siemens and the Russian state corporation Rosatom to a joint venture, which projects on the basis of the Russian VVER pressurized-water technology. Both companies want to win for one third of the world market for nuclear power for themselves. First possible joint project could be the construction of a nuclear power plant in Kaliningrad (see NPP Baltiskaja; Russia). Rosatom will benefit from Siemens know-how in power plant control systems, steam turbines and generators.
Siemens Argentina has taken over the installation of steam turbine-generator set and for Atucha II (see Argentina).
, which specializes in carbon products Wiesbaden company SGL Carbon delivers the inner graphite coating, the central column of graphite and graphite for the 450,000 fuel spheres of the South African pebble bed high temperature reactor (HTR), PBMR (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor). SGL Carbon will also be talking to China, which also builds the developed in Germany HTR.
The German NUKEM was as involved in the fuel sub-project PMBR-PFT to the South African pebble bed HTR, and had as a first step, the detailed feasibility study for the entire fuel factory 2000 / developed 2,001th NUKEM then had designed the manufacturing process, starting from the already developed in Germany and manufactured fuel, but with further consideration of the latest technology and safety regulations. Since August 2005, NUKEM provided the detailed engineering and procurement support activities. NUKEM also had a 40-strong team of highly qualified and experienced engineers established.
Siempelkamp Group, Krefeld, is a technology supplier internationally oriented; one of its three divisions, the nuclear technology Siempelkamp provides mechanical equipment "around the reactor;. Ie fuel, loaders, bolt tensioning devices for opening the reactor lid, Castor container security gates. Furthermore, the "Core Catcher, "an essential element of the European standard reactor EPWR which a melting of the reactor pressure vessel collects the material and prevented from spreading. Also this business with new nuclear power plant running at 100% abroad. Siempelkamp has taken over from the remnants of the nuclear engineering firm Nukem NIS, which has great expertise in NPP calculations. Siempelkamp has 100%-owned subsidiaries in Shanghai and close to the Czech Republic.
a nuclear technical activity that can at least get some use opportunities in Europe, the involvement of German research institutes (FZK Karlsruhe, GSI Darmstadt) at the so-called transmutation (transformation) of long-lived radioactive Elements that currently lead to very long periods of storage of untreated waste from the widely used light water reactors, in short-lived fission products.
The technique: You need a flow of fast neutrons, which divide the transuranic elements. This provides a fast breeder reactor (see Russia) as well as a proton accelerator, which aims at a lead target and produces the fast neutrons. The process is safe because it stops when a shutdown of the accelerator. The removal of this process naturally released fission heat is - just like the fast breeder reactors - (see Generation IV LFR system No. 5) by means of a liquid lead-bismuth mixture. This heat could use it, it would be the transmutation system but an evil nuclear power plant. If this energy is wasted by dissipation in the environment, the system is a politically correct waste treatment machine .... Therefore it is promoted in Germany. A
Transmutoranlage could burn a ton of plutonium annually. The more than 500 tons of plutonium, is that expected in the U.S. for the future, could be burned in 8 such plants, which should there be power plants, which for 90 years, a current production of 17,000 MW - the performance of all German nuclear power plants - be possible.
to breeder reactors use fast neutrons is in any case the basic principle, why breeder reactors not only energy producers, but also "nuclear waste incineration" to be able, if you provide them with the waste from light water reactors as fuel in an appropriate treatment. From this fact results in the rather low interest in performing some of the breeder reactors and developing countries - especially Russia, with India and China - to the very complex transmutation. The EU, Japan and the U.S. are working with them.
The importance of waste treatment in both the breeder reactor as lies in the transmutation system in the destruction of long-lived actinides and fission, resulting in the formation of fragments the heavy elements out that, while also radioactive, but drastically reduced half-lives have (cesium-137: 30.5 years, Cobalt-60: 5.6 years), which means that these cleavage products in a facility for about 400 years ago their radioactivity lost. In addition, present in the repository no longer usable for nuclear weapons material would be.
The technique of transmutation is expensive, it is to create economic goal of the development work that could lead to assessment of the FZK 2023-2029 for the construction of an experimental demonstration plant. As the site is already offered to Belgium. If successful, one expects an increase in nuclear power electricity generation costs by about 20%, which would be acceptable.
The question remains whether the art of transmutation, given the decades-long development lead of fast breeder ever get to an application as a treatment technology for nuclear power plant waste.
England
policy:
In November 2007, the government introduced a bill to simplify the planning process for infrastructure projects - introduced into Parliament - including nuclear power. International
reactor manufacturers had until 6/22/2007 opportunity for reactors that are to come in Britain used to apply a concept approval process. Three manufacturers used the Areva with the EPR, General Electric / Hitachi with the ESBWR and Toshiba-Westinghouse to the AP1000. All three technologies were a first, in March 2008 completed a summary review of its safety features, and entered into a detailed examination, with a concept approval (Design Acceptance Confirmation) Start is completed in 2011.
applications for new nuclear power plant should be assessed within a year.
projects:
The Horizon Nuclear Power Ltd., A joint venture of E. ON UK and RWE npower, is planning to take the first NPP in 2020 the UK business in operation. It is at its Wylfa in Wales be built. A second nuclear power plant to be built in Oldbury on Severn in Gloucestershire in the south-west England. The building sites were taken over by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). Planned capacity in each of these sites up to 3,000 MW. There are to talks with Areva and Westinghouse with (Toshiba-daughter) out, that pressurized water reactors of the III. Generation through just the British Vorlizensierungsverfahren. Horizon will end up for the first site one of the bidders choose.
2025 E. ON and RWE will build new UK nuclear power capacity totaling 6,000 MW.
Estonia
Lithuanian Visaginas nuclear power plant project is also intended to supply the two other Baltic countries.
Finland
policy:
beginning of July 2010, Parliament approved two applications to build two more nuclear power plants. One of the new large power plants - Olkiluoto 4 - is at the same location as the Olkiluotu oe EPR Olkiluoto 3 nuclear power arise, it is built from Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO). For the second of the planned project, the location Fennovoima Oy Simo or Pyhäjoki is provided. Fennovoima decided until after the basic decision of the Government for a final spot.
The Finnish government had in May 2001 precipitated the landmark decision in favor of a geological repository.
These other NPP extension plans prompted the disposal company Posiva a request to extend the pipeline deep repository (see below). This request received on 6 May 2010 at the Finnish Reichstag well received, even by the opposition (14 vs 2).
projects:
The EPR reactor under construction at Olkiluoto 3 - the world's first nuclear power plant construction project of this generation III-plus - was recently installed, the reactor pressure vessel.
For Olkiluoto
with the 2010 approved extension may be included 9,000 tonnes of uranium, which the permit for further reactor block 4 of the TVO Olkiluoto already taken into account. Thus Finland will receive the world's first repository.
Posiva plans according to the statement from March 2010 to submit the planning application for the principle approved, extended repository 2012th The aim was to start construction by 2015 and make the request authorization to operate in 2018 with the government. Operational control could then be 2020th
France
policy:
"France, which have neither oil nor natural gas, to export more electricity and its EPR reactor (European pressurized water reactor Generation III-plus; Areva) sell worldwide. An EPR produces about 12 billion kWh per year. If these exports in current prices, the country could achieve export revenue of around € 600 million. Then could not do without France, "said French President Sarkozy during his visit to the EPR construction site in Flamanville in Normandy on 06/02/2009. He explained in his speech, in particular the decision to build a second EPR (Penly 3, below) and he already thinking about a third EPR. The country needs these investments. Moreover, it is necessary to the nuclear to gain know-how at the highest level and to expand.
projects:
The EPR Flamanville 3 nuclear power plant is under construction since December 2007, the operation is to be included 2012th It is the second in the world under construction EPR - the first EPR reactor in Finland is under construction (sd).
The second French EPR reactor to be built Penly will be 3. The construction decision is dated January 2009; "first concrete" is scheduled to start in 2012 and 2017th EDF will build the plant, the project group comprises GDF Suez, Total and Enel (Italy) and possibly other European partners.
was in Cadarache, southern France in 2007, the foundation stone for the 100-MW research reactor Jules Horowitz set, the is scheduled to start operating in 2014. It is designed to be suitable materials for high temperature reactors - that Generation IV - to be developed.
to even the field of fast breeder reactors, France has considerable experience:
• Test reactor Rapsodie in Cadarache, 1967 - 1983,
• Creys Malville, 1,180 MW in 1986 - 1996,
France's state-run utility EDF and Areva, the company - the government supported by massive nuclear cooperation agreements with other countries - worldwide acquisitions for the sale of its nuclear power plants, including all related services. See the country reports, especially in the Middle East.
with these activities is followed by France before Russia, South Korea and China.
India policy: Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said
in September 2009 that his country is relying on nuclear energy. It was to become the largest nuclear energy producer in the world. By the year 2050, go for nuclear power plants with 470,000 MW total capacity in operation. The nuclear share of electricity generation - 3% today - is to be increased to 6% in the coming decade, and 2040 are 40%.
India followed for 4 reactor lines, including 3 in-house developments:
# The heavy-water reactor type PHWR, an Indian Development.
12 such units are in operation. In the planning are 2 blocks are of 700 MW.
# The pressurized water reactor type. It is based on modern Russian reactors
design (WWER-1000 and now AES-92).
# The breeder reactor line with fast neutrons. In Indira Gandhi nuclear research center
(IGCAR), a 13.5-MW test breeder reactor (FBTR) has been developed which
Kalpakkam nuclear power plant went into operation in 1985. Subsequently, also by
two reactors of this type to be built on the same site. For two more blocks
of this type being located in the same state is searched.
# The thorium reactor line. In Bhabha Nuclear Research Centre (BARC) is at an advanced
thorium reactor with a capacity of 300 MW (Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
: AHWR) worked with the use of thorium as a fuel and an advanced
security concept will be demonstrated.
Canada and India in June 2010 closed in Toronto a nuclear deal. It allows India to import nuclear equipment and technology from Canada. India thus secured uranium supplies for its nuclear power plants.
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in March 2010 led talks in New Delhi. It was between Russia and India signed several documents on nuclear cooperation. Including a road map for developing cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, contracts for the construction of additional blocks of NPP Kudankulam and a memorandum on cooperation in the construction of additional blocks at the locations and Kudankulam Harapur (see below).
projects:
India operates 19 nuclear power plants at 6 sites along with 4340 MW. Under construction are 5 blocks. Another 24 units are planned. After commissioning of the other four blocks currently under construction will increase the total gross output of the Indian nuclear power parks to 7280 MW. The government has already approved four additional heavy water reactors, each with 700 MW, 2 of them at the site Rajasthan. Long term, about 60,000 MW to be built, with different reactor technologies should be used.
The NPP Rajasthan Block 6 has taken in March of 2010. It is a heavy water reactor Indian design with 220 MW capacity and therefore identical to the Rajasthan Block 5, which began operations in December 2009.
some details of the planned facilities: For the planned heavy-water reactor units 7 and 8 of Rajasthan (700 MW) were obtained from the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd.. (NPCIL) issued the orders for construction preparation.
Russia wants to build 12 nuclear power plants in India (see below), 6 of these plants to be built 2012-2017, said Rosatom chief Kirienko occasion of the visit of Russian Prime oe Putin in New Delhi. The contracts here involved the construction of units 3 and 4 of NPP Kudankulam and a memorandum on cooperation in the construction of additional blocks at the locations Kudankulam (4 blocks) and Harapur in West Bengal (6 blocks). The blocks Kudankalum 1 and 2 are under construction. In addition, the construction of Kalpakkam nuclear power plant units 1 and Kaiga are fourth
the French Areva Group has passed in July 2009, the company NPCIL an offer to build two 1,600 MW each payable NPP units of type European Pressurized Water Reactor EPR. A preliminary contract was signed. Site will Jaitapur at the Indian west coast be, operating the receiving end 2017 and end of 2018. The NPCIL however, assumes that there up to 6 units can be built.
The Indian government in July 2009, two locations in the states of Gujarat in the northwest and Andhra Pradesh in South East to build new nuclear power plant by American companies.
India began in 2007 with the establishment of a new thorium reactor, which was developed at the Nuclear Research Centre Bhabha. The AHWR-300 the world's first commercial reactor based on thorium as nuclear fuel. His concept is based on passive safety measures, leading to the influence of security personnel are minimized. The world's Thorium reserves
exceed the uranium by more than tenfold. India's share of this is considerable.
The Vice President noted in August 2007 that is required for uranium based nuclear power plant is expected of Australia.
Iran
The first Iranian nuclear power plant Bushehr, which was completed by Russia, will be taken from September 2010. It was introduced in August 2010 in a ceremony.
Italy
policy:
After the Italian Chamber of Deputies approved on 9.7.2009 the Senate a package of laws that over the 21 years decided to phase out nuclear energy undo. The bill paves the way for the construction of new nuclear power plants in Italy.
Because of the recent Italian phase-out policy had many years Italy imported nuclear power from its northern neighbors, and Italian companies took part in nuclear power plants in those countries.
The Italian power company Enel SpA and the French state-owned Electricité de France (EDF) in August 2009 have formed a joint venture to test the construction of European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) in Italy. It will initially carry out feasibility studies for the establishment of at least 4 EPR reactors in Italy. This allows for the participation of EDF's nuclear program Enel. Enel to take over the operation of the NPP a controlling interest and the involvement of other Italian RU was possible. A first block is to go into operation by 2020.
agreed in a second agreement, EDF and Enel that Enel to 12.5% on the second EPR project in Penly involved, so with the same percentage to Enel already under construction at the first EPR reactor block Flamanville 3 in France is involved.
The Enel Spa has a majority stake in the Slovakian company Slowenske Elektrarne as (SE), which controls the NPP Mochovce. Understandably, the Enel for the conventional part of the now pending completion of work received by the Mochovce blocks 3 and 4 of the SE an order.
Japan
policy:
projects:
adopted after a 14-year break beginning of May 2010 Japan's Monju fast breeder reactor (280 MW) in operation again. Up 2012 it should reach its full
performance. In 1995 the plant was due to the leakage of the coolant liquid sodium closed with the following fire. Another
runs fast breeder reactor since 1978, the 100-MW research reactor Joyo.
The oldest nuclear power plant block Japan's Tsuruga 1 (341 MW), which is in operation since 1969, can now run until 2016 on, the outcome in February 2010. It is the first reactor unit of Japan, which is operated on the initial design life of 40 years is to continue.
are at the same location, the two advanced APWR-blocks in the construction of which will take Tsuruga 3 in 2016 and Tsuruga 4 in the 2017 operation. The
Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) started in August 2009 with the re-start the stagnant for 2 years plant Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 6, the world's most powerful nuclear power plant, after block 7 is already in mid-went on line. The stoppage was the result of the severe earthquake on 16.07.2007.
Toshiba, which rose in 2006 by its acquisition of Westinghouse in the top group of nuclear-power plant builders, also specializes in Mini-NPP. These are considered "inherently safe" (ie, for physical reasons, incapable of a meltdown) and easily affordable.
Jordan
policy:
have been completed in February 2010, Areva and the Jordanian government signed a contract over 25 years of uranium mining. Furthermore, a "partnership agreement" was to train nuclear engineers and technicians achieved - and discussed a range Areva to build two nuclear power plants on the Gulf of Aqaba.
will in a few years Jordan was the first country in the region - take a nuclear power plant in operation - apart from Israel. Jordan has considerable uranium resources (an estimated 140,000 tons of uranium), which prompted Amman
to seek a future role as an exporter of uranium, or nuclear fuel producers. Nuclear power to cover up to 2030 about one third of the country's energy needs.
The Director General of Rosatom, S. Kirienko, and the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of Jordan, Ch Tukan, signed on 22.05.2009 in Moscow an intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Covered by this Agreement, in particular the planning and construction of nuclear power and research reactors, the exploration and development of uranium, nuclear fuel supply, return the spent nuclear fuel.
signed in July 2009, Jordan and Russia, a 10-year contract for the construction of 4 nuclear power plant. nuclear co-operation had already been the United Kingdom, France, Canada, the United States and Japan agreed with Jordan.
projects:
Areva and Russian, Chinese and South Korean companies seeking to participate in the coming transactions.
Rosatom Director General Kirienko said in addition to the contract dated 22.5.2009 oe that plan in the next 10 years in Jordan, the construction of four nuclear power units . Was based on Russia's participation,
security concerns of Israel against a nuclear power plant construction in the Gulf of Aqaba acknowledged King Abdullah in 2009 from when Jordan agreed on cooperation in nuclear energy with Russia: "The reactors, which we look, belong to the generation III-plus, by far, the safest and most capable technology. They are earthquake-proof, safe from natural disasters and terrorist attacks. This technology is one if not two generations further than what Israel has "
Canada
policy.
The Canadian regulatory and licensing authority Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) on 31.10.2009 has extended the operating license of the Candu reactor units of the Bruce A nuclear power plant (units 1 to 4) and Bruce B (Units 5 to 8) by a further 5 years, so until October 2014. Units 1 and 2 are currently being modernized.
projects:
The NPP operator Bruce Power Alberta has announced on 23/03/2009 that Whitemud - 30 km north of Peace River and 400 km from Edmonton - the now preferred by Bruce site for the planned construction of the first nuclear power plant in the province Alberta.
Bruce Power wants to also focus on further upgrading of the Bruce nuclear power plant
to be able to deploy by 6,300 MW.
The Ontario Power Generation (OPG) in February 2010 ihre Investitionsstrategie für zwei KKW bekannt gegeben: Darlington 1 bis 4 (4 Blöcke á 878 MW, CANDU) soll umfassend modernisiert und seine Lebensdauer um weitere 30 Jahre verlängert werden. Auch in die 4 Blöcke von Pickering B soll investiert werden; mit 10 weiteren Betriebsjahren.
Die Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (AECL) teilte im Mai 2009 mit, dass sie mit 18 kanadischen Unternehmen Verträge für die Komponentenherstellung des Advanced Candu Reactors ACR-1000 abgeschlossen hat, wobei AECL bereits über 320 Mio. Euro in die Entwicklung dieses fortgeschrittenen Schwerwasser-Reaktors investiert hat. Laut einer Studie würde der Bau von 12 Candu-Reaktoren (davon 4 in Kanada) Tausende neue Arbeitsplätze schaffen.
Kazakhstan
The Kazakh mining group Kazatomprom bought by Toshiba, which owns 67% of
Westinghouse shares, a 10% share of the leading nuclear company in the U.S. Westinghouse Electric. This is directed to the pragmatic foreign economic policy of the country. Kazatomprom President Mukhtar Dschakischew soothed the critical Russian press: the business would affect in any way the good relations with the Russian colleagues.
Kazakhstan reached 2009 with a grant of 14,000 tonnes of uranium in first place among the uranium-producing countries ahead of Canada and Australia. 2010 target: 18,000 tons
Due to the forecasts of the leading energy companies will increase the capacity of nuclear power plants by 2030 to double the amount of the present state and the future plans of the national nuclear energy company Kasatomprom are therefore geared directly to the renaissance of nuclear energy.
For this is the expansion of the complete nuclear fuel cycle
planned projects.
is cooperation with the Canadian Society CAMECO to build a plant for uranium conversion planned. In Angarsk, there is an "international center for uranium enrichment" along with Russia and Ukraine. With the establishment of an Areva nuclear fuel production is provided.
Korea policy:
In South Korea by 2022 to twelve new nuclear power plant to the grid. The government wants with its program to build new nuclear power electricity share by 2030, increasing to 59% (currently
35%).
2030 South Korea will export 80 nuclear power plants and reach a share of 20% on
growing nuclear energy world market. The national power utility Korea Electric Power Corp.. (Kepco) is negotiating with Turkey and aims to Brazil and South Africa.
The country plans investments in foreign uranium mining projects in order to secure a stable fuel supply.
The Ministry of Knowledge Economy also provides for 2,800 new train nuclear engineers.
projects:
added on 04.15.2008, the Government of Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. (KHNP) to refuse to build a third and fourth nuclear power block at the Shin Kori site, near the port city of Busan in the southeast issued. With the construction of two pressurized water reactors by the Korean type AP 1400 - the evolution of the first Korean-type OPR1000 own - a consortium led by Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company (HECC) has been commissioned. Shin-Kori
The government has issued on 02/04/2009 KHNP the permission to build two nuclear power plant at its Shin-Ulchin in the vicinity of existing nuclear power plants Ulchin on the east coast. Planned are two advanced pressurized water reactors of 1,400 MW each type APR1400, is the site of the Shin-Kori already a block under construction.
Scheduled opening of Shin-Ulchin 1 is the end of 2015, for Shin-Ulchin 2 2016th
competitiveness of South Korea has proved with the mission of the Arab Emirates have already: the KEPCO-led consortium building the local power plants for about five billion dollars per plant, Areva budgeted for $ 7 Mdr.. - See under United Arab Emirates.
The engineering Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction Co. was founded in April 2007 a contract with Westinghouse Electric for the supply of 2-reactor pressure vessels and four steam generators for two advanced pressurized water reactors of the type for the Chinese site Haiyang AP1000 completed
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